Tomb of Ramesses II Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was buried in Tomb KV7, located in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. He was the son of Seti I and Tuya and reigned from 1279 to 1213 BCE. He constructed monuments at Abu Simbel, Abydos, Rame sseum, L uxor, a nd Karnak. Coordinates 25.740776,32.601625 Description Current measurements divide the tomb into three levels: level 1, the entrance corridor; level 2, the pillared chamber; and level 3, the burial chamber and rooms. 3D mapping of the tomb enables measurements to be taken. Measurements Entrance corridor; 22.90m by 2.61m /44 by 5 cubits Floor area: 220 sq cubits Opening in corridor 8.35m by 8.35m by 3.7m Floor area: 70 sq m² Volume: 259m³/1795 cubit³ Room off corridor 7.85×8.48×3.10 m Floor area: 66.50 sq m Volume: 206.4 m³/1442.5 cubit³ Room off corridor (2) 5.38×3.30×2.63 m Floor area: 46.7 sq m Volume 46.7 m³/326.4 cubit³ End of corridor 6.3×5.72×2.82 Floor area: 36 sq m Volume: 101.6 m³/7...
Newgrange
By the time Grange Stone Circle was built in 3249 BC, a notable community was already present in the area. This is because stone circles were rarely lived-in structures, and they required a large group to build.
The community could have originated in the Newgrange area and been established for 260 years, based on other builds and the size of its construction.
A distinct correlation also exists with Gavrinis, an older Neolithic tomb in Brittany. The similarity in building style suggests that Gavrinis had been altered at some time, as it does not conform to the sculpted style of the latter.
The similarity continues; it has a height of 12 m, a capstone, and is much higher above sea level. It is oriented towards the southwest at 47.5° (36° Gravinis), and there is a distinct variation in the entrance passage, which held some meaning within the overall build.
Trees would have been commonplace in the countryside and may have been as near as the walkway when built, receding away when used for firewood and farmland, but also possibly replanted.
Description
Newgrange has a width of 76 m (at its widest point) and a height of 12 m and was mostly constructed as it is today (possibly built on an older site), with the large entrance stones and woodland added later.
The way Neolithic people built their cairns and sculptures was to erect vertical supports, then fill the area with dirt to drag the capstones onto the structure. With cairns, the dirt would be removed, but here they would continue piling it on.
Trees would have been commonplace in the countryside and may have been as near as the walkway when built, receding away when used for firewood and farmland, but also possibly replanted.
Description
Newgrange has a width of 76 m (at its widest point) and a height of 12 m and was mostly constructed as it is today (possibly built on an older site), with the large entrance stones and woodland added later.
The way Neolithic people built their cairns and sculptures was to erect vertical supports, then fill the area with dirt to drag the capstones onto the structure. With cairns, the dirt would be removed, but here they would continue piling it on.
The white quartz cobblestone facing at the front of Newgrange acts as decoration, which has the effect of increasing the light falling onto it. They might have been aware of this before construction. With similarities to Gravinis, notably in structure and construction methods, there is a difference in construction of 1142 years.
(4655+1985)−(3513+1985)=1142 years
The entrance passage is 19 metres long, with 22 or 21 stones making up the walls, totaling 89 feet or 27 metres. This is 49 metres short of the overall depth, and the passage is 21 feet or 6.3 metres wide.
The entrance may have been filled with kerbstones from the side of the building at a later date.
Separate measurements for the monument give 80/85 m depth/width, giving an average perimeter of 260 metres. This number could represent 260° of daylight at this location, but a current summer solstice is 267.32°. Construction material is known to have been collected from a number of locations, including along the river, with Neolithic wooden boats recently discovered. A more suitable location for this angle would be around Cornwall, possibly linking to a construction there.
Precession of the Moon
Of the standing stones, the important ones are the seven at the front. These feature the precession of the moon, a curve also used at Woodhenge to extract the primers. Later, the Ring of Brodgar uses similar coding, and later still, the Dendera Zodiac.
Apsidal precession, as it is called, occurs every 8.85 years (3233 days). This is also used in relation to Khafre's pyramid, linking the golden ratio to the pyramid's slopes and volume by √(φ). Golden ratios are composed of increasing cubes. Khafre's interpretation includes an 8.85-cubit cube, measuring 60.06 × 111.2 cubits east of the pyramid's side, although it no longer exists.
History
Of all the history connected to the site, the following is included because of the dates.
Newgrange, sometime after 1142, became part of farmland owned by the Cistercian Abbey of Mellifont. These farms were referred to as "granges". Newgrange is not mentioned until an Inspeximus granted by Edward III in 1348 includes a Nova Grangia among the abbey's demesne lands.
(4655+1985)−(3513+1985)=1142 years
The entrance passage is 19 metres long, with 22 or 21 stones making up the walls, totaling 89 feet or 27 metres. This is 49 metres short of the overall depth, and the passage is 21 feet or 6.3 metres wide.
The entrance may have been filled with kerbstones from the side of the building at a later date.
Separate measurements for the monument give 80/85 m depth/width, giving an average perimeter of 260 metres. This number could represent 260° of daylight at this location, but a current summer solstice is 267.32°. Construction material is known to have been collected from a number of locations, including along the river, with Neolithic wooden boats recently discovered. A more suitable location for this angle would be around Cornwall, possibly linking to a construction there.
Precession of the Moon
Of the standing stones, the important ones are the seven at the front. These feature the precession of the moon, a curve also used at Woodhenge to extract the primers. Later, the Ring of Brodgar uses similar coding, and later still, the Dendera Zodiac.
Apsidal precession, as it is called, occurs every 8.85 years (3233 days). This is also used in relation to Khafre's pyramid, linking the golden ratio to the pyramid's slopes and volume by √(φ). Golden ratios are composed of increasing cubes. Khafre's interpretation includes an 8.85-cubit cube, measuring 60.06 × 111.2 cubits east of the pyramid's side, although it no longer exists.
History
Of all the history connected to the site, the following is included because of the dates.
Newgrange, sometime after 1142, became part of farmland owned by the Cistercian Abbey of Mellifont. These farms were referred to as "granges". Newgrange is not mentioned until an Inspeximus granted by Edward III in 1348 includes a Nova Grangia among the abbey's demesne lands.
Reasons for including these are the similarities with numbers and dates appearing with connections to obliquity, tilt, and dating.
Chambers
Although there is disagreement regarding age and purpose, another factor is the internal arrangement. The winter solstice light is said to illuminate the back wall on that day due to the angle.
Alignment 47.5° front to back, 42.5° side to side, 41° with side wall.
Coordinates 53.694716,-6.475566
Angles from the centre to the standing stones and then the differences. The entrance standing stone is best measured at 49° from the centre. Although a 47.5° angle best measures from front to back, an outer stone confirms this 47.5° angle.
36,55,74,87,68,(49),39,29
19,19,19,19,19,()10,10
Interpretation
The 29° stone can be considered a marker, giving a sunrise value of 3247 BC.
8.11÷1.55=5.2322
5.2322×1000=5232.258
5232.258−1985=3247.258
This value alone would be enough to date it to 3247 BC. This stone would have cast a shadow on the white quartz wall by the curve in 3247 BC, and in 2405 BC would cast a shadow on the 74° stone. In 659 AD it would cast a shadow on the 87° stone, and in 2020 it would cast a shadow on the 68° stone, a 19° separation.
The final stones are -13° and -1.75°. This could be tilt and obliquity, differing from maximum tilt and 1.75° of obliquity at that point. This would then be 7° and 1.75°. This assumes the end stones are meant to align at this angle east/west in 1985. If not, then it is 1.75° from alignment (equal to 1129 years, a number which, when divided by 940, gives 1.20°).
The furthest left stones confirm 2°, and the furthest right confirms 7°. Adding 1.7737° (from obliquity) gives a forward date of 6455 years past 2013 (6485 years past 1985).
The 19°/10° around the 49° front stone could suggest the following: Later circles suggest tens and noughts.
1,1,1,1,1,(),0,0 or 2,2,2,2,2,(),1,1
From other circles, it produces 5, (), 0, 0. The () suggests a number should go in its location. 49° is this stone's angle, so putting in 4, 9 gives 5, 4, 9, 0.
5,490−1,985=3505 bc
This is 2.7 years from 3507.7 bc.
Obliquity
7°=0.5283
Using 7.5283° aligns with the date of 2531 BC and would have daylight at 47.5° − 7.5283° exactly at sunrise. But using 1.75° obliquity, 23.43° + 1.75° − 24.456° = 0.742° after peak, and so effectively be 23.732°, with a difference of 0.2263°.
Tilt
7°=2531 bc
Coincidentally, this final stone could still be at 19° if put into the ditch that runs around the outside. This could have occurred when the building was sealed and left as a tomb, using a marker stone from that location.
Also, if the building is rotated to face due south, a +2° angle aligned east/west, subtracting 0.2263 gives an angle of 1.7737° (instead of 1.75°). Adding 7° gives a date of 3675 BC.
Chambers
Although there is disagreement regarding age and purpose, another factor is the internal arrangement. The winter solstice light is said to illuminate the back wall on that day due to the angle.
Alignment 47.5° front to back, 42.5° side to side, 41° with side wall.
Coordinates 53.694716,-6.475566
Angles from the centre to the standing stones and then the differences. The entrance standing stone is best measured at 49° from the centre. Although a 47.5° angle best measures from front to back, an outer stone confirms this 47.5° angle.
36,55,74,87,68,(49),39,29
19,19,19,19,19,()10,10
Interpretation
The 29° stone can be considered a marker, giving a sunrise value of 3247 BC.
8.11÷1.55=5.2322
5.2322×1000=5232.258
5232.258−1985=3247.258
This value alone would be enough to date it to 3247 BC. This stone would have cast a shadow on the white quartz wall by the curve in 3247 BC, and in 2405 BC would cast a shadow on the 74° stone. In 659 AD it would cast a shadow on the 87° stone, and in 2020 it would cast a shadow on the 68° stone, a 19° separation.
The final stones are -13° and -1.75°. This could be tilt and obliquity, differing from maximum tilt and 1.75° of obliquity at that point. This would then be 7° and 1.75°. This assumes the end stones are meant to align at this angle east/west in 1985. If not, then it is 1.75° from alignment (equal to 1129 years, a number which, when divided by 940, gives 1.20°).
The furthest left stones confirm 2°, and the furthest right confirms 7°. Adding 1.7737° (from obliquity) gives a forward date of 6455 years past 2013 (6485 years past 1985).
The 19°/10° around the 49° front stone could suggest the following: Later circles suggest tens and noughts.
1,1,1,1,1,(),0,0 or 2,2,2,2,2,(),1,1
From other circles, it produces 5, (), 0, 0. The () suggests a number should go in its location. 49° is this stone's angle, so putting in 4, 9 gives 5, 4, 9, 0.
5,490−1,985=3505 bc
This is 2.7 years from 3507.7 bc.
Obliquity
7°=0.5283
Using 7.5283° aligns with the date of 2531 BC and would have daylight at 47.5° − 7.5283° exactly at sunrise. But using 1.75° obliquity, 23.43° + 1.75° − 24.456° = 0.742° after peak, and so effectively be 23.732°, with a difference of 0.2263°.
Tilt
7°=2531 bc
Coincidentally, this final stone could still be at 19° if put into the ditch that runs around the outside. This could have occurred when the building was sealed and left as a tomb, using a marker stone from that location.
Also, if the building is rotated to face due south, a +2° angle aligned east/west, subtracting 0.2263 gives an angle of 1.7737° (instead of 1.75°). Adding 7° gives a date of 3675 BC.
Another interruption of 7° / 0.5283° is the duration of daylight for December/January. This would then equal 7 hours, 31 minutes, 42 seconds, not dissimilar to January 1st, 2020, at this location, a duration of 7 hours, 32 minutes, 33 seconds.
With the precession of the equinoxes, it is said that the seasons rotate and then repeat every 20000 years. Using the three dates and applying rotation.
3675 (5695) 104 days
3507 (5527) 100.93 days
3249 (5269) 96.22 days
Winter Solstice
The winter solstice was on December 22, 2019, and December 21, 2020. In the years stated, the spring equinox would have been on March 27, March 1, and April 4, making the winter solstice approximately one to two weeks after the spring equinox.
27th March
Daylight 12hrs 42mins 48secs
Sunrise 08:10:18 at -0.833°
Azimuth of 317.27°
1st April
Daylight 13hrs 04mins 12secs
Sunrise 07:58:07 at -0.833°
Azimuth of 318.5°
4th April
Daylight 13hrs 16mins 59secs
Sunrise 07:50:51 at -0.833°
Azimuth of 319.21°
Conclusion
Geophysical and lidar measurements in January 2013 produced a gravity anomaly near the entrance; this was probably not due to reinforcement of the passage with a concrete slab.
Geophysical and lidar measurements in January 2013 produced a gravity anomaly near the entrance; this was probably not due to reinforcement of the passage with a concrete slab.
One possibility was an adjustment after construction, and the anomaly concerns the location of the bend in the passage. Adjusting the passage width, lowering and angling the supporting stones served a purpose by reducing the light entering. This might have been preferable for a tomb that was not full. It might also have prevented cattle from wandering into the tomb.
Measurements from last winter's solstice do show the sun reaching the back wall, even if this was an alteration. The stone facade, measured from the ccenre, gives an angle of 155°. The numbers 8.513 and 1.7737, when combined, produce a number very near peak obliquity; subtracting 1985 gives a number very near 4655. The difference between 3507.7 and 3249 is 259, very near the 259/260 daylight angle in Cornwall.
The year 3249 BC could be a time of further construction or settlement in the area. The tomb may have been used as a main building around which other buildings were erected, including the stone circle. The light box could be a later addition. They measured their date there from peak obliquity and, in turn, had been on Gavrinis. The standing stones link to 3249 BC, with the tomb dating to a difference from peak obliquity to an earlier date of 3310 BC.
The year 3249 BC could be a time of further construction or settlement in the area. The tomb may have been used as a main building around which other buildings were erected, including the stone circle. The light box could be a later addition. They measured their date there from peak obliquity and, in turn, had been on Gavrinis. The standing stones link to 3249 BC, with the tomb dating to a difference from peak obliquity to an earlier date of 3310 BC.
If the angle of 7.5282° (or 7° 0.5282°) could mean 7 hours, 31 minutes, 42 seconds for December/January or the winter solstice, then the daylight on April 1st (most likely, as it was 100 days or 90 + 10) would be 13 hours, 4 minutes, 12 seconds, or 13.068°. If the angle was for the winter solstice, it could be considered forward-aligned to maximum tilt. The 13.068° is not the 19° but is 5 hours, 9 minutes, 32 seconds less (5.932). If the 13.068° represented 90 + 13.068 days, then the year would be 3659 BC.
The tilt and obliquity angle of 7.5283° would fit if the construction was 2513 BC, but is more likely before 3249 BC and gives an angle of 0.6127°. This means daylight would light multiple areas at sunrise due to its short duration of 17 minutes in its current arrangement. Unnarrowed and without the light box, light would have filled the tomb like water into a glass.
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