Amphitheatre Pompeii The Amphitheatre of Pompeii is the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre. It is situated in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and was buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ad. It is located to the east of the city and the edge of the eruption. It measures 135m long and 104m wide, the arena's pit is measured at 6m below ground level and was built in 70 bc. Coordinates 40.751827,14.494962 Measurements 135m x 104m (341ft x 443ft) 76.2m x 38.1m ( 250ft x 125ft) Angled at 60° towards northwest Area π×341×443= 474578 π×250×125= 98175 474578× 98175= 46591695150 46591695150÷223= 208931368 π×341×450= 482077 482077× 98175= 47327909475 47327909475÷223= 212232777 Roman Units The Roman cubit (cubitum) was 1½ Roman feet (17.48 inches) Five Roman feet made the pace (passus), 1.48 metres (58.23 inches). If considering a standardised unit, the Roman foot was probably used here, making the above whole units in 5's as if a passus. If applying again, the amph
How Were Stars Measured?
How did they measure the stars separation distance before geometry, Golden Ratio, CoG, and Trigonometry were invented?
The question is, how did the Egyptians in the 26th/25th century bc measure the separation distances of the stars of Orion so that they were indistinguishable from calculations in the 21st century and apply them to building structures?
Pyramids
Before the construction of the Giza pyramids, pyramids were constructed forming from a comparable geological landscape feature. This would be a contour of the Nile or formation, or they made use of rock structures and shaped them into pyramids. Sources of timber and water played a part in their construction and might have also been a factor. For the Giza pyramids, it has been shown that canals were dug for the purpose of stone movement from quarries. These and the Nile could also have been used for timber movement using rafts. Measurements were made using a number of different measures and are as follows.
Units used
Royal cubit 0.523m
Whole units 1m/1000m=1km
Errors
Ratio scaling factors =1
Error factor =3 decimal points
Rotation
Angles =360°/rotation
Inclination =20°+1.2°+7.155°
Accurate planet rotation =365.25
Here, the error factor would apply unless a multiplication was used.
Gnomon
A gnomon would be used with a variation of 0.0392°/day, the yearly tilt being much smaller.
Over the distance of 1km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 with a perimeter of 2km. Once a daytime baseline was determined, this could be applied at night against a pinhole gnomon at a certain known angle. A marker would be aligned against that line and measurement taken.
After a number of years of measuring with degrees, this would be days which would be applied as 1.0145°/day, this equates to 68.67 and 5.32/year measurements per year, this could be achieved by taking 5.32 reading/year and adjusting for tilt in that month.
Once the error factors had been assigned, direct measurements could be used for movement in 3 directions.
With the direction coordinates measured, the angles of separation could be taken, and these could be scaled to eliminate errors. It has been shown that they also understood obliquity and precession, which require a much longer time frame for measurement.
Pinhole Gnomon
Further measurements could be achieved with accurate tilt and a pinhole gnomon.
A simple scaling factor with this device could be used for solar size using it as it is used today, the sun as 1, and distance as 1. A luminosity factor could also be derived. This may have been logarithmic but most probably volumetric with a simple linear brightness factor.
CoG
CoG could be shown as a centre point of a diagonal line that joins the corners of an object. For a 1×1 object, it is √2÷2, for a rectangle 1×1×2 it is √5÷2 on the base × 1÷2. For a circle, it is the diameter÷2.
Gnomon
Archeology77 ©
How did they measure the stars separation distance before geometry, Golden Ratio, CoG, and Trigonometry were invented?
The question is, how did the Egyptians in the 26th/25th century bc measure the separation distances of the stars of Orion so that they were indistinguishable from calculations in the 21st century and apply them to building structures?
Pyramids
Before the construction of the Giza pyramids, pyramids were constructed forming from a comparable geological landscape feature. This would be a contour of the Nile or formation, or they made use of rock structures and shaped them into pyramids. Sources of timber and water played a part in their construction and might have also been a factor. For the Giza pyramids, it has been shown that canals were dug for the purpose of stone movement from quarries. These and the Nile could also have been used for timber movement using rafts. Measurements were made using a number of different measures and are as follows.
Units used
Royal cubit 0.523m
Whole units 1m/1000m=1km
Errors
Ratio scaling factors =1
Error factor =3 decimal points
Rotation
Angles =360°/rotation
Inclination =20°+1.2°+7.155°
Accurate planet rotation =365.25
Here, the error factor would apply unless a multiplication was used.
Gnomon
A gnomon would be used with a variation of 0.0392°/day, the yearly tilt being much smaller.
Over the distance of 1km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 with a perimeter of 2km. Once a daytime baseline was determined, this could be applied at night against a pinhole gnomon at a certain known angle. A marker would be aligned against that line and measurement taken.
After a number of years of measuring with degrees, this would be days which would be applied as 1.0145°/day, this equates to 68.67 and 5.32/year measurements per year, this could be achieved by taking 5.32 reading/year and adjusting for tilt in that month.
Once the error factors had been assigned, direct measurements could be used for movement in 3 directions.
With the direction coordinates measured, the angles of separation could be taken, and these could be scaled to eliminate errors. It has been shown that they also understood obliquity and precession, which require a much longer time frame for measurement.
Pinhole Gnomon
Further measurements could be achieved with accurate tilt and a pinhole gnomon.
A simple scaling factor with this device could be used for solar size using it as it is used today, the sun as 1, and distance as 1. A luminosity factor could also be derived. This may have been logarithmic but most probably volumetric with a simple linear brightness factor.
CoG
CoG could be shown as a centre point of a diagonal line that joins the corners of an object. For a 1×1 object, it is √2÷2, for a rectangle 1×1×2 it is √5÷2 on the base × 1÷2. For a circle, it is the diameter÷2.
Gnomon
Archeology77 ©
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