Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa The Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa are located in Alexandria, Egypt. Half a kilometer to the northeast is the Serapeum of Alexandria, which is another archaeological site in the area. The Serapeum of Alexandria is considered to have been built by the Greeks in the 3rd century BC. Coordinates 31.178942, 29.893170 Description The site is thought to date to the Hellenistic period, and Roman, Greek, and Egyptian cultural attributes can be found throughout. The site is considered to have three levels dug into the rock, being up to 35 meters deep. The Catacombs consist of a triclinium, dining room, rotunda, Hall of Caracalla, and sarcophagi. The entrance is from the southeast side near the staircase at a 40° angle. The Catacombs' size is 25 metres by 50 metres. It is thought the site was an earlier burial ground where visitors brought clay pots of food for themselves, leaving the pots as they departed. Hence, this is where the name derived from. Analysis The tomb...
How Were Stars Measured?
How did they measure the stars separation distance before geometry, Golden Ratio, CoG, and Trigonometry were invented?
The question is, how did the Egyptians in the 26th/25th century bc measure the separation distances of the stars of Orion so that they were indistinguishable from calculations in the 21st century and apply them to building structures?
Pyramids
Before the construction of the Giza pyramids, pyramids were constructed forming from a comparable geological landscape feature. This would be a contour of the Nile or formation, or they made use of rock structures and shaped them into pyramids. Sources of timber and water played a part in their construction and might have also been a factor. For the Giza pyramids, it has been shown that canals were dug for the purpose of stone movement from quarries. These and the Nile could also have been used for timber movement using rafts. Measurements were made using a number of different measures and are as follows.
Units used
Royal cubit 0.523m
Whole units 1m/1000m=1km
Errors
Ratio scaling factors =1
Error factor =3 decimal points
Rotation
Angles =360°/rotation
Inclination =20°+1.2°+7.155°
Accurate planet rotation =365.25
Here, the error factor would apply unless a multiplication was used.
Gnomon
A gnomon would be used with a variation of 0.0392°/day, the yearly tilt being much smaller.
Over the distance of 1km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 with a perimeter of 2km. Once a daytime baseline was determined, this could be applied at night against a pinhole gnomon at a certain known angle. A marker would be aligned against that line and measurement taken.
After a number of years of measuring with degrees, this would be days which would be applied as 1.0145°/day, this equates to 68.67 and 5.32/year measurements per year, this could be achieved by taking 5.32 reading/year and adjusting for tilt in that month.
Once the error factors had been assigned, direct measurements could be used for movement in 3 directions.
With the direction coordinates measured, the angles of separation could be taken, and these could be scaled to eliminate errors. It has been shown that they also understood obliquity and precession, which require a much longer time frame for measurement.
Pinhole Gnomon
Further measurements could be achieved with accurate tilt and a pinhole gnomon.
A simple scaling factor with this device could be used for solar size using it as it is used today, the sun as 1, and distance as 1. A luminosity factor could also be derived. This may have been logarithmic but most probably volumetric with a simple linear brightness factor.
CoG
CoG could be shown as a centre point of a diagonal line that joins the corners of an object. For a 1×1 object, it is √2÷2, for a rectangle 1×1×2 it is √5÷2 on the base × 1÷2. For a circle, it is the diameter÷2.
How did they measure the stars separation distance before geometry, Golden Ratio, CoG, and Trigonometry were invented?
The question is, how did the Egyptians in the 26th/25th century bc measure the separation distances of the stars of Orion so that they were indistinguishable from calculations in the 21st century and apply them to building structures?
Pyramids
Before the construction of the Giza pyramids, pyramids were constructed forming from a comparable geological landscape feature. This would be a contour of the Nile or formation, or they made use of rock structures and shaped them into pyramids. Sources of timber and water played a part in their construction and might have also been a factor. For the Giza pyramids, it has been shown that canals were dug for the purpose of stone movement from quarries. These and the Nile could also have been used for timber movement using rafts. Measurements were made using a number of different measures and are as follows.
Units used
Royal cubit 0.523m
Whole units 1m/1000m=1km
Errors
Ratio scaling factors =1
Error factor =3 decimal points
Rotation
Angles =360°/rotation
Inclination =20°+1.2°+7.155°
Accurate planet rotation =365.25
Here, the error factor would apply unless a multiplication was used.
Gnomon
A gnomon would be used with a variation of 0.0392°/day, the yearly tilt being much smaller.
Over the distance of 1km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 with a perimeter of 2km. Once a daytime baseline was determined, this could be applied at night against a pinhole gnomon at a certain known angle. A marker would be aligned against that line and measurement taken.
After a number of years of measuring with degrees, this would be days which would be applied as 1.0145°/day, this equates to 68.67 and 5.32/year measurements per year, this could be achieved by taking 5.32 reading/year and adjusting for tilt in that month.
Once the error factors had been assigned, direct measurements could be used for movement in 3 directions.
With the direction coordinates measured, the angles of separation could be taken, and these could be scaled to eliminate errors. It has been shown that they also understood obliquity and precession, which require a much longer time frame for measurement.
Pinhole Gnomon
Further measurements could be achieved with accurate tilt and a pinhole gnomon.
A simple scaling factor with this device could be used for solar size using it as it is used today, the sun as 1, and distance as 1. A luminosity factor could also be derived. This may have been logarithmic but most probably volumetric with a simple linear brightness factor.
CoG
CoG could be shown as a centre point of a diagonal line that joins the corners of an object. For a 1×1 object, it is √2÷2, for a rectangle 1×1×2 it is √5÷2 on the base × 1÷2. For a circle, it is the diameter÷2.
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