Roman Amphitheatre of Uthina The Roman Amphitheatre of Uthina is located in Uthina , near Tunis, Tunisia . Building for Uthina began in 40 BC and continued through to 135 AD. The amphitheatre may have been a later addition to what was already a large town. Also located there were a fortress, cisterns, an aqueduct, a triumphal arch, a theatre, and a basilica with a circular crypt . Coordinates 36.608598,10.169214 Description The amphitheatre, partly buried, measures 113 by 90 meters. The arena measures 58 by 35 metres, giving surface areas of 7988 and 1539 square metres respectively. There are four entrances, two main entrances at each end, with the seating area supported by three tiers of columns and arches. (Although these are no longer there, measurements and amphitheater descriptions rely on a complete building.) Measurements for the amphitheatre on site are 12 0 by 89 metres, with the arena measuring 67 by 36 metres. The surface areas measure 10680 an d 24...
How Were Stars Measured?
How did they measure the stars separation distance before geometry, Golden Ratio, CoG, and Trigonometry were invented?
The question is, how did the Egyptians in the 26th/25th century bc measure the separation distances of the stars of Orion so that they were indistinguishable from calculations in the 21st century and apply them to building structures?
Pyramids
Before the construction of the Giza pyramids, pyramids were constructed forming from a comparable geological landscape feature. This would be a contour of the Nile or formation, or they made use of rock structures and shaped them into pyramids. Sources of timber and water played a part in their construction and might have also been a factor. For the Giza pyramids, it has been shown that canals were dug for the purpose of stone movement from quarries. These and the Nile could also have been used for timber movement using rafts. Measurements were made using a number of different measures and are as follows.
Units used
Royal cubit 0.523m
Whole units 1m/1000m=1km
Errors
Ratio scaling factors =1
Error factor =3 decimal points
Rotation
Angles =360°/rotation
Inclination =20°+1.2°+7.155°
Accurate planet rotation =365.25
Here, the error factor would apply unless a multiplication was used.
Gnomon
A gnomon would be used with a variation of 0.0392°/day, the yearly tilt being much smaller.
Over the distance of 1km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 with a perimeter of 2km. Once a daytime baseline was determined, this could be applied at night against a pinhole gnomon at a certain known angle. A marker would be aligned against that line and measurement taken.
After a number of years of measuring with degrees, this would be days which would be applied as 1.0145°/day, this equates to 68.67 and 5.32/year measurements per year, this could be achieved by taking 5.32 reading/year and adjusting for tilt in that month.
Once the error factors had been assigned, direct measurements could be used for movement in 3 directions.
With the direction coordinates measured, the angles of separation could be taken, and these could be scaled to eliminate errors. It has been shown that they also understood obliquity and precession, which require a much longer time frame for measurement.
Pinhole Gnomon
Further measurements could be achieved with accurate tilt and a pinhole gnomon.
A simple scaling factor with this device could be used for solar size using it as it is used today, the sun as 1, and distance as 1. A luminosity factor could also be derived. This may have been logarithmic but most probably volumetric with a simple linear brightness factor.
CoG
CoG could be shown as a centre point of a diagonal line that joins the corners of an object. For a 1×1 object, it is √2÷2, for a rectangle 1×1×2 it is √5÷2 on the base × 1÷2. For a circle, it is the diameter÷2.
How did they measure the stars separation distance before geometry, Golden Ratio, CoG, and Trigonometry were invented?
The question is, how did the Egyptians in the 26th/25th century bc measure the separation distances of the stars of Orion so that they were indistinguishable from calculations in the 21st century and apply them to building structures?
Pyramids
Before the construction of the Giza pyramids, pyramids were constructed forming from a comparable geological landscape feature. This would be a contour of the Nile or formation, or they made use of rock structures and shaped them into pyramids. Sources of timber and water played a part in their construction and might have also been a factor. For the Giza pyramids, it has been shown that canals were dug for the purpose of stone movement from quarries. These and the Nile could also have been used for timber movement using rafts. Measurements were made using a number of different measures and are as follows.
Units used
Royal cubit 0.523m
Whole units 1m/1000m=1km
Errors
Ratio scaling factors =1
Error factor =3 decimal points
Rotation
Angles =360°/rotation
Inclination =20°+1.2°+7.155°
Accurate planet rotation =365.25
Here, the error factor would apply unless a multiplication was used.
Gnomon
A gnomon would be used with a variation of 0.0392°/day, the yearly tilt being much smaller.
Over the distance of 1km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 with a perimeter of 2km. Once a daytime baseline was determined, this could be applied at night against a pinhole gnomon at a certain known angle. A marker would be aligned against that line and measurement taken.
After a number of years of measuring with degrees, this would be days which would be applied as 1.0145°/day, this equates to 68.67 and 5.32/year measurements per year, this could be achieved by taking 5.32 reading/year and adjusting for tilt in that month.
Once the error factors had been assigned, direct measurements could be used for movement in 3 directions.
With the direction coordinates measured, the angles of separation could be taken, and these could be scaled to eliminate errors. It has been shown that they also understood obliquity and precession, which require a much longer time frame for measurement.
Pinhole Gnomon
Further measurements could be achieved with accurate tilt and a pinhole gnomon.
A simple scaling factor with this device could be used for solar size using it as it is used today, the sun as 1, and distance as 1. A luminosity factor could also be derived. This may have been logarithmic but most probably volumetric with a simple linear brightness factor.
CoG
CoG could be shown as a centre point of a diagonal line that joins the corners of an object. For a 1×1 object, it is √2÷2, for a rectangle 1×1×2 it is √5÷2 on the base × 1÷2. For a circle, it is the diameter÷2.
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