Tomb of Ramesses IV The pharaoh Ramesses IV was buried in Tomb KV2, located in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. The tombs of Ramesses II and VII are on either side. Ramesses died at the age of 27 in 1148 BC. He is connected to the Temple of Khonsu at Karnak. Coordinates 25.741530,32.602080 Description The tomb is of similar design to others in that it has a corridor to the burial chamber with side rooms. It is thought to be about 75 metres long and declines about 10 metres from the entrance. Chamber E, as the antechamber, has stars painted on the ceiling. Chamber K is built with side rooms, and the burial chamber J has a vaulted ceiling with astrological patterns along with the sarcophagus. Coptic monks were said to have lived in the tomb, and in the 19th century, explorers like Jean-François Champollion had camped there. Earlier, Romans were said to have left what is considered as graffiti in the tomb. Measurements These are the tombs' measurements in metres, including the a...
Along with the use of feet and metres, a new measurement, the cubit, started to appear around 2700 BC.
The measurements for a cubit rods range from 523.5 to 529.2 mm (20.61 to 20.83 in) in length. These can are divided into seven palms, each palm then divided into four fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided (this equates as an Egyptian royal cubit).
Early evidence for the use of this royal cubit comes from the Early Dynastic Period. On the Palermo Stone, the Nile River's flood level during the reign of Pharaoh Djer is given as measuring 6 cubits and 1 palm. The royal cubit's use is also known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in around 2700 BC.
The Egyptians were by no means limited to using the cubit as a measure; they also used a ratio, along with the foot, mile, metre, and kilometer.
From a cubit measure:
0.523 m
0.523 m
0.523 × 3 = 1.569 m
This is also equal to:
5' 2.36"
Gnomon
A gnomon (as described) would be used with a variation of 0.0145°/0.0392° per day. Over a distance of 1 km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 km with a perimeter of 2 km.
Using a pinhole gnomon, measurements are made throughout the year at 1.0145°/day and 5.32° per year, adjusting for tilt in that month. Measurements would likely be made in the construction area, with visible markers 1 km apart where readings are taken. Each degree marks approximately 68 days (2.289 months).
7.155° tilt = 0.0392°/day
Gnomon
A gnomon (as described) would be used with a variation of 0.0145°/0.0392° per day. Over a distance of 1 km, the diagonal would equate to 0.962 km with a perimeter of 2 km.
Using a pinhole gnomon, measurements are made throughout the year at 1.0145°/day and 5.32° per year, adjusting for tilt in that month. Measurements would likely be made in the construction area, with visible markers 1 km apart where readings are taken. Each degree marks approximately 68 days (2.289 months).
7.155° tilt = 0.0392°/day
0.962 = gnomon (1 km)
1.0145° = 1 ÷ (360 ÷ 365)/day
These numbers have been shown as measurements used at Devil's Quoits, Devil's Arrows, Grave Rings, and Orion, but only after construction had begun. The number 1.91264 also appears in the Thornborough henge. The Thornborough henge monument has been shown to represent the conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, here the number 1.91264°/km appears, and it has been suggested that the Egyptians arrived or returned later to adjust this.
Ellipse
The area of an ellipse has no connection with those used on the Giza pyramids and is used only to connect peaks, ratios, and the golden ratio. When using the angles associated with the Sphinx and a quadratic equation, an equation that is a progression of coordinates and gradients is derived; this equates to two numbers. Multiplying these two numbers by 10 gives...
33x² + 14.61x - 4 = 0
These numbers have been shown as measurements used at Devil's Quoits, Devil's Arrows, Grave Rings, and Orion, but only after construction had begun. The number 1.91264 also appears in the Thornborough henge. The Thornborough henge monument has been shown to represent the conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, here the number 1.91264°/km appears, and it has been suggested that the Egyptians arrived or returned later to adjust this.
Ellipse
The area of an ellipse has no connection with those used on the Giza pyramids and is used only to connect peaks, ratios, and the golden ratio. When using the angles associated with the Sphinx and a quadratic equation, an equation that is a progression of coordinates and gradients is derived; this equates to two numbers. Multiplying these two numbers by 10 gives...
33x² + 14.61x - 4 = 0
x = 0.19121
x = -0.63393
× 10
1.9121 and -6.3393 are produced.
Ratios
A link with the ratios also appears here. Khufu’s pyramid ratio at 6.384 is the nearest. (This error, 0.045 + 1, equals degrees per day.) As they used errors to three decimal points, these numbers are 0.523 or 1.912.
Ratios
A link with the ratios also appears here. Khufu’s pyramid ratio at 6.384 is the nearest. (This error, 0.045 + 1, equals degrees per day.) As they used errors to three decimal points, these numbers are 0.523 or 1.912.
Gradients
A gradient is a (change in y-coordinate)/(change in x-coordinate), using numbers from Nabta Playa. Two sets of coordinates were produced, and numbers or prime numbers were used to produce gradients. To achieve higher numbers, the central stones were also used. The clockwise numbers were adjusted to produce gradients, and a (3,3) was introduced; further calculations suggest the use of cube roots.
221/22112
A gradient is a (change in y-coordinate)/(change in x-coordinate), using numbers from Nabta Playa. Two sets of coordinates were produced, and numbers or prime numbers were used to produce gradients. To achieve higher numbers, the central stones were also used. The clockwise numbers were adjusted to produce gradients, and a (3,3) was introduced; further calculations suggest the use of cube roots.
221/22112
21/2112
(22112 - 2112) ÷ (221 - 21)
Gradient slope
(22112 - 2112) ÷ (221 - 21) = 100
Angle of inclination 269.427°
Angle of inclination 269.427°
Ratio 1000:1
(24,112 − 2,112) ÷ (221 − 21) = 110
(32,112 − 2,112) ÷ (221 − 21) = 150
As shown, there is no direct correlation between π and φ inside a circle but increasing the radius to 9πφ then the slope equals 45.747 units @ 45°. The following are produced from a triangle with these units.
Area = 523.21736
Perimeter = 110.44518
These numbers then connect to a royal cubit and location of Nabta Playa.
With this, the older structures' ratios suggest they didn't use radians (i.e., 360 ÷ 57.297 = 6.283) as a ratio, but instead chose alignment vertically north at maximum tilt. Of these, the Red Pyramid shows signs of being aligned to a specific date, which has appeared before, but it is in better condition than the Bent Pyramid, which also shows signs of being aligned, but to an earlier date. The Bent Pyramid could be suggested as being aligned to maximum tilt, with the connecting satellite pyramid showing signs of a date. About 4° = 2580 + 16; width of path around at 43 m, which, when converting 43 to 4.3 as if degrees, equals 2773.
As shown, there is no direct correlation between π and φ inside a circle but increasing the radius to 9πφ then the slope equals 45.747 units @ 45°. The following are produced from a triangle with these units.
Area = 523.21736
Perimeter = 110.44518
These numbers then connect to a royal cubit and location of Nabta Playa.
With this, the older structures' ratios suggest they didn't use radians (i.e., 360 ÷ 57.297 = 6.283) as a ratio, but instead chose alignment vertically north at maximum tilt. Of these, the Red Pyramid shows signs of being aligned to a specific date, which has appeared before, but it is in better condition than the Bent Pyramid, which also shows signs of being aligned, but to an earlier date. The Bent Pyramid could be suggested as being aligned to maximum tilt, with the connecting satellite pyramid showing signs of a date. About 4° = 2580 + 16; width of path around at 43 m, which, when converting 43 to 4.3 as if degrees, equals 2773.
The Bent and Red pyramids were constructed under Sneferu, 2613 BC, and show signs of darkening similar to the Black Pyramid, which was constructed from a rock formation already that colour. Djoser and satellite pyramids are offset by 3°/4°, while others are aligned to maximum tilt.
Ratios of these pyramids:
Ratios of these pyramids:
Pyramid of Djoser: 7.37
Red Pyramid: 4.4
Medium Pyramid: 5.62
Bent Pyramid: 7.24 (variable)
Satellite Pyramid: 8.12
From the Bent Pyramid, an angle of 19° to 21° north and a distance of 20 km meets the Giza Pyramids. The alignment of the step pyramids with the other pyramids occurred around the time of Sneferu. Although the construction process remained that of a step pyramid, a different application was made to Khafre's pyramid, with construction in layered phases, which was also applied to some of the queens' pyramids.
m is the gradient of the line, and c is the y-intercept where the graph crosses the y-axis. (1.14, 0) is a point on the x-axis with a slope of 10.46x. In construction, a slope would be any side not at 90° to the building surface. Coordinates, along with angle and distance, could be used to define this. (Interestingly, 10.46 is 20 cubits, and a 20-cubit length is a common measurement for not only Khufu's and his queen's tombs but also other tombs that used similar ratios.)
Multiplying this by ×10 equates to 5230 measurements/year. Using 160 × (50 ÷ 2) in a 45° triangle, the area equates to 2000, with a perimeter of 328.41599. In the same way, Khufu's pyramid ratio can be increased similarly to achieve its ratio.
This number ÷ 10 + 1 connects with daily measurements throughout the year: 1.0145°.
From the Bent Pyramid, an angle of 19° to 21° north and a distance of 20 km meets the Giza Pyramids. The alignment of the step pyramids with the other pyramids occurred around the time of Sneferu. Although the construction process remained that of a step pyramid, a different application was made to Khafre's pyramid, with construction in layered phases, which was also applied to some of the queens' pyramids.
The ancient Egyptians show signs of favoring connection with structures followed by alignment, while considering location lastly. However, there are signs of an underlying plan for the Giza site and other pyramids based on the speed of light. Ratios are favored, but links between ratios are also favored. Once a location is chosen, aligned, and foundations laid, any block within tolerance would be used somewhere in its construction. Set measures, using a stick of a certain height, would maintain tolerances.
Use of the cubit as 0.523 m arose around 2700 BC and was probably chosen for its link to astronomical objects and a direct link to a 45° triangle. The connection between the cubit and π is 16 cubits ÷ 5π, which would then favor π from the.
(0.523 × 16) ÷ (3.142 × 5) = 0.532
Notes: Egyptian terms used in measurement.
(0.523 × 16) ÷ (3.142 × 5) = 0.532
Notes: Egyptian terms used in measurement.
Peremus: the height of an object.
Ukha-thebet: the length of an object.
Seqed: measures the slope of an angle.
Quadratic
Further to using a quadratic equation on a gradient plot line, an equation of a straight line, y = mx + c, can be used on coordinate points (x, y). Again, using the numbers derived from Nabta Playa and adjusting for x and y: (21, 221), (2112, 22112), y = 10.46x + 1.14.
Quadratic
Further to using a quadratic equation on a gradient plot line, an equation of a straight line, y = mx + c, can be used on coordinate points (x, y). Again, using the numbers derived from Nabta Playa and adjusting for x and y: (21, 221), (2112, 22112), y = 10.46x + 1.14.
m is the gradient of the line, and c is the y-intercept where the graph crosses the y-axis. (1.14, 0) is a point on the x-axis with a slope of 10.46x. In construction, a slope would be any side not at 90° to the building surface. Coordinates, along with angle and distance, could be used to define this. (Interestingly, 10.46 is 20 cubits, and a 20-cubit length is a common measurement for not only Khufu's and his queen's tombs but also other tombs that used similar ratios.)
The connection between the cubit and π is 16 cubits ÷ 5π, or (0.523 × 16) ÷ (3.142 × 5) = 0.532. (0.532 × 5π) ÷ 16 = 0.
Multiplying this by ×10 equates to 5230 measurements/year. Using 160 × (50 ÷ 2) in a 45° triangle, the area equates to 2000, with a perimeter of 328.41599. In the same way, Khufu's pyramid ratio can be increased similarly to achieve its ratio.
160 ÷ (50 ÷ 2) = 6.4
The area can be defined as 1000√2.
The perimeter can be defined as a + b + c.
1 ÷ ³√(328.41599), multiplied by 2, connects with Mintaka's separation distance from 0° = 0.289°.
This number ÷ 10 + 1 connects with daily measurements throughout the year: 1.0145°.
On a 45° triangle, π accurate to 3 decimals can be defined as (eliminating √2):
45° = π ÷ 4
((10 ÷ 4.5) ÷ √2) × 2
or (9 × π) ÷ 20 = √2
Moon
The Moon's inclination to Earth's equator is currently either 18.28° or 28.58°. The inclination to the ecliptic is currently 5.145°.
Subtracting these two:
28.58° − 5.145° = 23.435°
If using the maximum angle of tilt, 23.435°, and multiplying by Khufu's pyramid height in cubits, 280, a number 6561.8 is produced.
Taking the reciprocal after dividing by 10,000 produces approximately 1.523.
23.435 × 280 = 6561.8
6561.8 ÷ 10000 = 0.65618
1 ÷ 0.65618 ≈ 1.523
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