Amphitheatre Pompeii The Amphitheatre of Pompeii is the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre. It is situated in the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and was buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ad. It is located to the east of the city and the edge of the eruption. It measures 135m long and 104m wide, the arena's pit is measured at 6m below ground level and was built in 70 bc. Coordinates 40.751827,14.494962 Measurements 135m x 104m (341ft x 443ft) 76.2m x 38.1m ( 250ft x 125ft) Angled at 60° towards northwest Area π×341×443= 474578 π×250×125= 98175 474578× 98175= 46591695150 46591695150÷223= 208931368 π×341×450= 482077 482077× 98175= 47327909475 47327909475÷223= 212232777 Roman Units The Roman cubit (cubitum) was 1½ Roman feet (17.48 inches) Five Roman feet made the pace (passus), 1.48 metres (58.23 inches). If considering a standardised unit, the Roman foot was probably used here, making the above whole units in 5's as if a passus. If applying again, the amph
Speed of Light
Could the ancient Egyptians measure the speed of light?
The current measurement for light is 299792458 m/s (299792.458 km/s). A number of different methods exist, including tying metres to speed of light or rotation to speed of light.
The most likely was Earth's yearly rotation as a % of Earth's rotation. This also shows they used 365.25 days for a year if they didn't quite define it that way. From the angular difference in the position of stars (maximally 20.5 arcseconds) it is possible to express the speed of light in terms of the Earth's velocity around the Sun, which with the known length of a year can be converted to the time needed to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
In 1729, Bradley used this method to derive that light travelled 10210 times faster than the Earth in its orbit (the modern figure is 10066 times faster) or, equivalently, that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth. They could measure star separation distances and so also Sun and Earth distances using angles and distances.
152100000×2×π=955672485.222
955672485.222÷365.25÷24÷3600=30.284km/s 147095000×2×π=924225142.760
924225142.760÷365.25÷24÷3600=29.288km/s
Sol ÷ velocity
Could the ancient Egyptians measure the speed of light?
The current measurement for light is 299792458 m/s (299792.458 km/s). A number of different methods exist, including tying metres to speed of light or rotation to speed of light.
The most likely was Earth's yearly rotation as a % of Earth's rotation. This also shows they used 365.25 days for a year if they didn't quite define it that way. From the angular difference in the position of stars (maximally 20.5 arcseconds) it is possible to express the speed of light in terms of the Earth's velocity around the Sun, which with the known length of a year can be converted to the time needed to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
In 1729, Bradley used this method to derive that light travelled 10210 times faster than the Earth in its orbit (the modern figure is 10066 times faster) or, equivalently, that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth. They could measure star separation distances and so also Sun and Earth distances using angles and distances.
152100000×2×π=955672485.222
955672485.222÷365.25÷24÷3600=30.284km/s 147095000×2×π=924225142.760
924225142.760÷365.25÷24÷3600=29.288km/s
Sol ÷ velocity
299792458÷29780=10066.9
Percentage difference
304053800÷299792458=1.0142%
What they didn't use was minutes, seconds, or inches, and instead used degrees to three decimal points and whole units, which would have divided 0.523m into units, possibly 0.523÷(28×2)=0.01. Leaving this 0.01, assuming the 28 units were all of equal size, then the reciprocal of the remainder multiplied by hundred 0.0191204589×100=1.9121 1÷(0.0191204589×100)=0.523
(This error difference could then be illustrated via polishing of a surface to demonstrate this difference).
Numbers used.
922.704 km
1.9121 cubit
40075 km circumference
0.4651 km/s
velocity 10210 or 10066
8.12 or 8.31 minutes
922.704×1.9121=1764.302 cubits
Difference of Khufu's pyramid base. 1764.302−1761.864=2.4383
Error from Menkaure's pyramid location, so connecting the three together (error is from ratio (45+48÷2)=46.5×0.523=24.3m).
Possibly using the golden ratio location as a measure point. With 4 minutes/° to transverse this distance, or 360×4 minutes in a day. 40075÷922.704=43.432
360÷43.432=8.2888°
(239.345s/°) about 4 minutes (60×24=1440÷4=360) 0.4651kms 922.704÷0.4651=1983.88s =33.065 minutes 33.155 minutes for 1/43 of circumference.
This could be what and why they interacted with Gravinis as they interrupted the date in the same way. The equatorial velocity is 0.4651km. This number is very near 4655 bc of Gravinis, and the difference of the three numbers brings it up to maximum tilt (very nearly). The other number is 8.2° as a percentage of a rotation and angle of Gravinis to Devil's Arrows, with another interpretation of 1.43 as 1/43 of the Earth's circumference as a percentage of distance.
Measurement
Two different possible methods (1) using planetary differences (2) using a scaled version of their measuring units and a suitable timing method. 1, Planetary measurements were difficult and required to track their rotation around the Sun, but possible using a pinhole gnomon. 2, A scaled version of distances using a gnomon and measuring device like a water timer where a triangle that would be formed with people standing waiting for the light to reach them. After a number of tries, the people where the light reached could then be triangulated to a point on horizontal and angle and distance measured. With this, they were linking pyramids together by distance and golden ratio, percentage of rotation, and light.
As for simultaneous equations eliminating 8.31 minutes, the speed of light could be calculated as one unknown.
8.31 minutes=511 seconds
(511×0.4651)=(150000000÷c) 1÷((237.6661÷0.4651)÷150000000)=293542.07 293542.074÷299792.458=98%
It's been shown that they could measure semi-major and major axis hence getting an average would give a slightly different number. Also, Earth's velocity could be measured from two circles using semi-major and major axis for radius. The average would give a number very near to the current day measurement.
152100000
147095000
292719.18÷299792.458=97.6%
Velocity 29.286+30.283÷2=29.785km/s
As neither semi-major or major axis could produce an exact number but this is most likely how they would have derived their number it can be suggested that the Speed of Light wasn't a factor in choice of location (Giza pyramids). Although today, the Speed of Light as a number almost exactly matches the location of Khufu's pyramid.
The 97.6% figure almost exactly matches the pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara, and he reigned from 1860-1824 bc. The 98% is quite near to the 922.702km location, about 1.523 km away, but also almost exactly 2.37 miles south from the Meidum pyramid. 237 being formed from 511×0.4651 but with such accurate timing suggests they must have known the time taken for light to reach Earth, another way would be to use the distance measure from a major axis which when using the other numbers produced a speed for light.
This does suggest that there were some ground based measurements, and in this way and not being hindered by any building constraints, chose the start location for Khufu's pyramid based on the Speed of Light.
Measuring the speed of light
Speed of Light
Archeology77 ©
What they didn't use was minutes, seconds, or inches, and instead used degrees to three decimal points and whole units, which would have divided 0.523m into units, possibly 0.523÷(28×2)=0.01. Leaving this 0.01, assuming the 28 units were all of equal size, then the reciprocal of the remainder multiplied by hundred 0.0191204589×100=1.9121 1÷(0.0191204589×100)=0.523
(This error difference could then be illustrated via polishing of a surface to demonstrate this difference).
Numbers used.
922.704 km
1.9121 cubit
40075 km circumference
0.4651 km/s
velocity 10210 or 10066
8.12 or 8.31 minutes
922.704×1.9121=1764.302 cubits
Difference of Khufu's pyramid base. 1764.302−1761.864=2.4383
Error from Menkaure's pyramid location, so connecting the three together (error is from ratio (45+48÷2)=46.5×0.523=24.3m).
Possibly using the golden ratio location as a measure point. With 4 minutes/° to transverse this distance, or 360×4 minutes in a day. 40075÷922.704=43.432
360÷43.432=8.2888°
(239.345s/°) about 4 minutes (60×24=1440÷4=360) 0.4651kms 922.704÷0.4651=1983.88s =33.065 minutes 33.155 minutes for 1/43 of circumference.
This could be what and why they interacted with Gravinis as they interrupted the date in the same way. The equatorial velocity is 0.4651km. This number is very near 4655 bc of Gravinis, and the difference of the three numbers brings it up to maximum tilt (very nearly). The other number is 8.2° as a percentage of a rotation and angle of Gravinis to Devil's Arrows, with another interpretation of 1.43 as 1/43 of the Earth's circumference as a percentage of distance.
Measurement
Two different possible methods (1) using planetary differences (2) using a scaled version of their measuring units and a suitable timing method. 1, Planetary measurements were difficult and required to track their rotation around the Sun, but possible using a pinhole gnomon. 2, A scaled version of distances using a gnomon and measuring device like a water timer where a triangle that would be formed with people standing waiting for the light to reach them. After a number of tries, the people where the light reached could then be triangulated to a point on horizontal and angle and distance measured. With this, they were linking pyramids together by distance and golden ratio, percentage of rotation, and light.
As for simultaneous equations eliminating 8.31 minutes, the speed of light could be calculated as one unknown.
8.31 minutes=511 seconds
(511×0.4651)=(150000000÷c) 1÷((237.6661÷0.4651)÷150000000)=293542.07 293542.074÷299792.458=98%
It's been shown that they could measure semi-major and major axis hence getting an average would give a slightly different number. Also, Earth's velocity could be measured from two circles using semi-major and major axis for radius. The average would give a number very near to the current day measurement.
152100000
147095000
292719.18÷299792.458=97.6%
Velocity 29.286+30.283÷2=29.785km/s
As neither semi-major or major axis could produce an exact number but this is most likely how they would have derived their number it can be suggested that the Speed of Light wasn't a factor in choice of location (Giza pyramids). Although today, the Speed of Light as a number almost exactly matches the location of Khufu's pyramid.
The 97.6% figure almost exactly matches the pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara, and he reigned from 1860-1824 bc. The 98% is quite near to the 922.702km location, about 1.523 km away, but also almost exactly 2.37 miles south from the Meidum pyramid. 237 being formed from 511×0.4651 but with such accurate timing suggests they must have known the time taken for light to reach Earth, another way would be to use the distance measure from a major axis which when using the other numbers produced a speed for light.
This does suggest that there were some ground based measurements, and in this way and not being hindered by any building constraints, chose the start location for Khufu's pyramid based on the Speed of Light.
Measuring the speed of light
Speed of Light
Archeology77 ©
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