Gorsedd Circle The Gorsedd Circle is a stone circle in Fishguard, Wales. The Gorsedd Stones are a Welsh tradition of modern stone circles constructed for the National Eisteddfod of Wales. These stone circles can be found at several locations, including Aberdare Park and Anglesey. They are typically 20 metres wide and have 12 stones on the circumference with a level stone in the circle. A further stone is usually set back from the circumference; the central stone is called the Logan Stone. Coordinates 51.996431,-4.975040 Stone Circle Gorsedd Circle is a typical stone circle but has 13 stones on the circumference with one inset. It was erected in 1936 and has the names of the parishes inscribed on each stone. Ceremony During the opening ceremony, the Archdruid stands on the Logan Stone facing the Stone of the Covenant. Two stones mark the entrance and are called the Portal Stones. These mar k the midsummer and midwinter sunrises. Gorsedd Circle (no edit) Archeology7...
Göbekli Tepe
Göbekli Tepe is one of the few temples, buildings, or circles that are not forward aligned (current angles in brackets).
(west and south facing stones described are from the area marked as 'C').
It has been suggested that there was a circular roof on this building, the site itself being mostly circular with an entrance towards the west and south.
With the displacement of the Cycladic culture from the Aegean Sea, particularly from Syros, new settlements could have opened up in the Anatolia Region of Turkey.
Göbekli Tepe is an archaeological site in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey it was used for a social or ritual nature and is thought to date to Pre-Pottery Neolithic A/B about 8500 bc at the same time when the stones were erected.
Göbekli Tepe is one of the few temples, buildings, or circles that are not forward aligned (current angles in brackets).
(west and south facing stones described are from the area marked as 'C').
It has been suggested that there was a circular roof on this building, the site itself being mostly circular with an entrance towards the west and south.
With the displacement of the Cycladic culture from the Aegean Sea, particularly from Syros, new settlements could have opened up in the Anatolia Region of Turkey.
Here, they built upon the Neolithic/Epipalaeolithic Near East culture at Göbekli Tepe. Here, buildings were erected, made from stone and wood. Other buildings were erected on sites in the shape roughly of the Pleiades group. These could also track the brighter stars in the sky, in particular Vega and Sirius.
At Göbekli Tepe, the rear stone was used to track the seasons by the sun altitude in the sky, Sirius was visable during autumn/winter and Vega winter/spring.
Of these old and new dwellings connected with Pleiades, Göbekli Tepe could be considered as Alcyone a large star with 3 further stars around it, Kilise Tepe representing Pleione and Atlas a double site and Nevalı Çori an unfinished site with no star in it's location.
Phaistos Disc
The Phaistos Disc (a disk of fired clay) from the Minoan palace of Phaistos on the island of Crete, possibly dating to the middle or late Minoan Bronze Age depicts such a building. The symbol suggests a pagoda-like building, a unique form of building usually from the Orient and, as such, probably not a standard house symbol. As most oriental buildings are square or rectangular, this then may suggest a unique building towards the east. Other symbols suggest a Mediterranean theme.
Crete from 3000 bc was used by Cycladic culture from the Aegean Sea, particularly from Syros and Keros.
In 2500 bc, it was the main location for quarrying by the Phoenicians who traded with the ancient Egyptians who at this time where in upper Egypt.
About 1850 bc Knossos and Phaistos, where the disc was discovered, were the main cities. Circular buildings were the norm up to 2500 bc then disappearing and reappearing again about 800 bc.
The Cycladic culture from the Aegean Sea might have in part been displaced around 2500 bc due to an eruption, then choosing to settle in Turkey for a time before returning and telling of their travels.
Göbekli Tepe
The suggestion that Göbekli Tepe was a round temple is from it's foundations which orientate circular from a central room with two pillars. The south facing stone would align with an opening for the purpose of tracking the sun during the day as depicted on the Phaistos Disc.
With it's position just short of the summit the northern room would have no purpose in astronomy, it's overall shape is dipping in towards the central room and markings on stones in this room suggests alignment with outer stones. As with most measurements of the Sun is best achieved with a ray of light into a darken room, hence it being considered as roofed.
West Facing Stone
If it is important that the stone was exactly at 24° (17°) on the autumn equinox at a 24° elevation the time for alignment would be 08.18:50 am or 16.33:52 pm at this latitude, as it is facing west it is 16.33pm.
This would be its horizontal angle. It would then need clearance of the surrounding hillside. A minimum of 8m is required high and 24m long. This equals an angle of 18.435° at 24°. This would mean that the sun would just light up the entrance for most days of the year, not reaching very far along and could be considered not for the Sun but possibly a star or sunset. At its highest point in the year along it's 7.155° equatorial tilt, there would be 1.59° of rotational sunlight that could reach further along a covered corridor.
This equates to 6.36 minutes or 177 km of equatorial rotation.
South Facing Stone
Due to the positioning of this stone it could only have two purposes, (1) cast the shadow from the west facing stone at night and (2) track the daylight through the day with no set time.
For the daylight tracking, it most probably was open during the duration of a day, not withstanding the building's pillars.
For it to avoid the pillars, it could have a maximum 38° track from 90° south to 52° west, but this would be 12° if an opening was as wide as the path. Day time tracking of the sun is only for a sundial and would have to be marked/attached to the stone pillar. As there isn't one, then it probably rebounded the daylight, illuminating the lower levels. The sloping side could have shone brighter with the daylight and might have illuminated carved animals on the other walls. The entrance for this would be a path (12° wide) like that which appears towards the southwest, a west facing path for this also exists, and two north facing paths. This suggests that the central area was sunken at least one level.
Other Stones
A sighting stone, so called due to a hole that is angled upwards and at 12° (19°) east, probably got positioned as an ornamental object after use.
Size
With a circular building centralized around the stones in 'C', a roof that covered the outer rooms so as to align was the pillars would have a diameter of 45m and an area of 1590m².
1590÷1000=1.59
This number from earlier suggests a difference in measuring the daylight along a west corridor.
From the Phaistos Disc, the ratio of width to height is 1:1, meaning it was also 45m tall, this is unlikely, and 10-12m would have been more likely.
Stars or Constellations
It is possible that the constellation of Leo, in particular the star Regulus at +12° with a variation of 0.5° in this time and other stars like Denebola at +14° and Epsilon Leonis at +23° were used. A number of binaries and other objects could also appear inside this small area as the Earth rotated about the Sun's equator. Leo, in most part, is a spring constellation, so it would align with the spring equinox. Due to 'precession of the seasons', this would be about the summer solstice as it moved towards the spring equinox and then towards the winter solstice.
Conclusion
Short of being able to decipher the Phaistos Disc, the building's structure is limited by it's foundations which are circular and angled towards the centre, the size of the supports, and when the building was built.
It has been shown that detailed carvings on the stones could have been made with both metal and stone tools, with the Egyptians favouring stone tools except for large blocks.
Göbekli Tepe includes a number of large stone pillars, which has been shown that they were extracted directly from the site, with the surface carvings made directly from these. The circular sighting stone, as with Egyptians equivalents, was most probably made with metal tools. It isn't necessary that one was made at the same time as the other, but if metal tooling is involved, then it wouldn't date older than 3200 bc.
Of these old and new dwellings connected with Pleiades, Göbekli Tepe could be considered as Alcyone a large star with 3 further stars around it, Kilise Tepe representing Pleione and Atlas a double site and Nevalı Çori an unfinished site with no star in it's location.
Phaistos Disc
The Phaistos Disc (a disk of fired clay) from the Minoan palace of Phaistos on the island of Crete, possibly dating to the middle or late Minoan Bronze Age depicts such a building. The symbol suggests a pagoda-like building, a unique form of building usually from the Orient and, as such, probably not a standard house symbol. As most oriental buildings are square or rectangular, this then may suggest a unique building towards the east. Other symbols suggest a Mediterranean theme.
Crete from 3000 bc was used by Cycladic culture from the Aegean Sea, particularly from Syros and Keros.
In 2500 bc, it was the main location for quarrying by the Phoenicians who traded with the ancient Egyptians who at this time where in upper Egypt.
About 1850 bc Knossos and Phaistos, where the disc was discovered, were the main cities. Circular buildings were the norm up to 2500 bc then disappearing and reappearing again about 800 bc.
The Cycladic culture from the Aegean Sea might have in part been displaced around 2500 bc due to an eruption, then choosing to settle in Turkey for a time before returning and telling of their travels.
Göbekli Tepe
The suggestion that Göbekli Tepe was a round temple is from it's foundations which orientate circular from a central room with two pillars. The south facing stone would align with an opening for the purpose of tracking the sun during the day as depicted on the Phaistos Disc.
With it's position just short of the summit the northern room would have no purpose in astronomy, it's overall shape is dipping in towards the central room and markings on stones in this room suggests alignment with outer stones. As with most measurements of the Sun is best achieved with a ray of light into a darken room, hence it being considered as roofed.
West Facing Stone
If it is important that the stone was exactly at 24° (17°) on the autumn equinox at a 24° elevation the time for alignment would be 08.18:50 am or 16.33:52 pm at this latitude, as it is facing west it is 16.33pm.
This would be its horizontal angle. It would then need clearance of the surrounding hillside. A minimum of 8m is required high and 24m long. This equals an angle of 18.435° at 24°. This would mean that the sun would just light up the entrance for most days of the year, not reaching very far along and could be considered not for the Sun but possibly a star or sunset. At its highest point in the year along it's 7.155° equatorial tilt, there would be 1.59° of rotational sunlight that could reach further along a covered corridor.
This equates to 6.36 minutes or 177 km of equatorial rotation.
South Facing Stone
Due to the positioning of this stone it could only have two purposes, (1) cast the shadow from the west facing stone at night and (2) track the daylight through the day with no set time.
For the daylight tracking, it most probably was open during the duration of a day, not withstanding the building's pillars.
For it to avoid the pillars, it could have a maximum 38° track from 90° south to 52° west, but this would be 12° if an opening was as wide as the path. Day time tracking of the sun is only for a sundial and would have to be marked/attached to the stone pillar. As there isn't one, then it probably rebounded the daylight, illuminating the lower levels. The sloping side could have shone brighter with the daylight and might have illuminated carved animals on the other walls. The entrance for this would be a path (12° wide) like that which appears towards the southwest, a west facing path for this also exists, and two north facing paths. This suggests that the central area was sunken at least one level.
Other Stones
A sighting stone, so called due to a hole that is angled upwards and at 12° (19°) east, probably got positioned as an ornamental object after use.
Size
With a circular building centralized around the stones in 'C', a roof that covered the outer rooms so as to align was the pillars would have a diameter of 45m and an area of 1590m².
1590÷1000=1.59
This number from earlier suggests a difference in measuring the daylight along a west corridor.
From the Phaistos Disc, the ratio of width to height is 1:1, meaning it was also 45m tall, this is unlikely, and 10-12m would have been more likely.
Stars or Constellations
It is possible that the constellation of Leo, in particular the star Regulus at +12° with a variation of 0.5° in this time and other stars like Denebola at +14° and Epsilon Leonis at +23° were used. A number of binaries and other objects could also appear inside this small area as the Earth rotated about the Sun's equator. Leo, in most part, is a spring constellation, so it would align with the spring equinox. Due to 'precession of the seasons', this would be about the summer solstice as it moved towards the spring equinox and then towards the winter solstice.
Conclusion
Short of being able to decipher the Phaistos Disc, the building's structure is limited by it's foundations which are circular and angled towards the centre, the size of the supports, and when the building was built.
It has been shown that detailed carvings on the stones could have been made with both metal and stone tools, with the Egyptians favouring stone tools except for large blocks.
Göbekli Tepe includes a number of large stone pillars, which has been shown that they were extracted directly from the site, with the surface carvings made directly from these. The circular sighting stone, as with Egyptians equivalents, was most probably made with metal tools. It isn't necessary that one was made at the same time as the other, but if metal tooling is involved, then it wouldn't date older than 3200 bc.
The unique vertical shapes of the stone support are unusual but are shaped as floor support. The angled t-shaped supports are similar to modern constructions, for example, buttress supporting the outside of churches. These, though, are angled inwards and are instead inside but could have had the same purpose.
The purpose of this and other buildings in the area have been shown to align with the Pleiades constellation, some new and some of the other settlements that might have existed before and have been shown to date to 8500 bc. The misalignment is probably their need to use older settlements into their newer constructions, with this mixing the old with new.
Göbekli Tepe 2500 bc
Other details supporting a 2500 bc date would link to the constellation Leo Minoris or Leo.
Of the stars in the constellations Leo Minoris or Leo, the star Regulus links with the angles aligning with the west stone.
Regulus +11.9672°
11.96721-18.435=6.4677°
6.4677-6.9595=0.4917°
With an angle 0.4917° clearance from an angle of 6.9595° - 18.435° to be able to clear the tell (reducing by 0.007° with drift), the star would just be visible above the stone with a clearance of 20cms.
Another possibility would be that the site was older, 8500 bc the tilt would equate to 16.25°, giving a declination of +2.2° above the equator. No stars in Leo fit, but in Virgo, there is Minelauva at +3° and Phi Virginis a binary at +2.23°.
Phi Virginis has declination drift of -0.0117° making +2.239° at 8500 bc, a clearance of 1.63cms and Minelauva difference of 0.8° and a clearance of 33.5cms.
The shape of the west stone in a 'v' shape with a height of no more than 20 cms, this would favour Regulus, Phi Virginis could also be possible.
Phi Virginis is 4 solar radii (12×luminosity) and Regulus is 3.1 solar radii (288×luminosity).
Tilt has since increased this angle by 6.95° and wouldn't align anymore.
The 0.49171° would be equal to 317.23 years or until 2188 bc (this could be a possible Jupiter connection).
Drift would have a minimal effect with the star possibly settling in between the two slopes.
(Angle in 2500bc 6.9595°)
Equinoxes
The precession of the equinoxes and the summer/winter solstices has shown that this doesn't quite fit either, unless it is considered as the shortest day and as the sun sets there is a short twilight as there is a transitional phase were there is a bit to much light to perceive the stars. After this passes, either the star in question is there or appears during the night with its arc of travel very similar to that of daylight at the same angle.
Phi Virginis
Gobekli tepe
Regulus
Obelisks
Researchgate.net
Archeology77 ©
The purpose of this and other buildings in the area have been shown to align with the Pleiades constellation, some new and some of the other settlements that might have existed before and have been shown to date to 8500 bc. The misalignment is probably their need to use older settlements into their newer constructions, with this mixing the old with new.
Göbekli Tepe 2500 bc
Other details supporting a 2500 bc date would link to the constellation Leo Minoris or Leo.
Of the stars in the constellations Leo Minoris or Leo, the star Regulus links with the angles aligning with the west stone.
Regulus +11.9672°
11.96721-18.435=6.4677°
6.4677-6.9595=0.4917°
With an angle 0.4917° clearance from an angle of 6.9595° - 18.435° to be able to clear the tell (reducing by 0.007° with drift), the star would just be visible above the stone with a clearance of 20cms.
Another possibility would be that the site was older, 8500 bc the tilt would equate to 16.25°, giving a declination of +2.2° above the equator. No stars in Leo fit, but in Virgo, there is Minelauva at +3° and Phi Virginis a binary at +2.23°.
Phi Virginis has declination drift of -0.0117° making +2.239° at 8500 bc, a clearance of 1.63cms and Minelauva difference of 0.8° and a clearance of 33.5cms.
The shape of the west stone in a 'v' shape with a height of no more than 20 cms, this would favour Regulus, Phi Virginis could also be possible.
Phi Virginis is 4 solar radii (12×luminosity) and Regulus is 3.1 solar radii (288×luminosity).
Tilt has since increased this angle by 6.95° and wouldn't align anymore.
The 0.49171° would be equal to 317.23 years or until 2188 bc (this could be a possible Jupiter connection).
Drift would have a minimal effect with the star possibly settling in between the two slopes.
(Angle in 2500bc 6.9595°)
Equinoxes
The precession of the equinoxes and the summer/winter solstices has shown that this doesn't quite fit either, unless it is considered as the shortest day and as the sun sets there is a short twilight as there is a transitional phase were there is a bit to much light to perceive the stars. After this passes, either the star in question is there or appears during the night with its arc of travel very similar to that of daylight at the same angle.
Phi Virginis
Gobekli tepe
Regulus
Obelisks
Researchgate.net
Archeology77 ©
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