Gorsedd Circle The Gorsedd Circle is a stone circle in Fishguard, Wales. The Gorsedd Stones are a Welsh tradition of modern stone circles constructed for the National Eisteddfod of Wales. These stone circles can be found at several locations, including Aberdare Park and Anglesey. They are typically 20 metres wide and have 12 stones on the circumference with a level stone in the circle. A further stone is usually set back from the circumference; the central stone is called the Logan Stone. Coordinates 51.996431,-4.975040 Stone Circle Gorsedd Circle is a typical stone circle but has 13 stones on the circumference with one inset. It was erected in 1936 and has the names of the parishes inscribed on each stone. Ceremony During the opening ceremony, the Archdruid stands on the Logan Stone facing the Stone of the Covenant. Two stones mark the entrance and are called the Portal Stones. These mar k the midsummer and midwinter sunrises. Gorsedd Circle (no edit) Archeology7...
Ring of Brodgar
The Ring of Brodgar is a Neolithic henge and stone circle on the largest island in Orkney, Scotland. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney.
Like many stone circles, which were constructed in the Neolithic/Bronze Age, they were representative of an astrological, mathematical, or coordinate value. The Ring of Brodgar was no different.
Dating is uncertain but is generally thought to have been erected between 2500 bc and 2000 bc.
The Ring of Brodgar is a Neolithic henge and stone circle on the largest island in Orkney, Scotland. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney.
Like many stone circles, which were constructed in the Neolithic/Bronze Age, they were representative of an astrological, mathematical, or coordinate value. The Ring of Brodgar was no different.
Dating is uncertain but is generally thought to have been erected between 2500 bc and 2000 bc.
Description
The stone circle is 104 metres (341 ft) wide and is inside a ditch 120m wide , 27 of the original 60 stones remain standing (although only 21 are full height). Other stones on the island include the so-called 'Comet Stone' to the southeast along with the Standing Stones of Stenness, another 500m pass the Ness of Brodgar.
The Ness of Brodgar settlement, along with the Skara Brae village towards the northeast, are thought to have been constructed by the same people who erected the stones.
A number of artefacts and bones suggests settlement on the island from a much earlier date.
Woodhenge
A connection with Woodhenge exists from a curved line that is used to extract a sequence of numbers corresponding to the number of logs that fall on that line. With the Ring of Brodgar, the stones can be grouped together in similar numbers.
Counting the stones in groups gives similar numbers to Woodhenge,
(2,1,3,2,4,1,2,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2)
but the marker stone has a fallen stone by it, and the 3's have been replaced with '2','1'.
2,1,3,2,4,1,(1 (2)),1,1,(2,1),2,1,2
=
1,2,2,1,3,2,4,1,(1 (2)),1,1,(2,1),2
This shows that 21 could be an angle of measurement and, if used as 21° from (1 (2)) stone aligns with the tallest stone from where the numbers are taken clockwise.
The '1' stone next to the '4' is the only fallen stone used, the (1 (2)) stone is a short only '1' stone. The rest of this number is derived from the Woodhenge number, and this is the number in that location.
The 21° is measured from the '1' fallen stone to the tallest stone but if measured from the (1 (2)) stone a horizon would coincide with the angled buried stone towards the west and an angle of 149° would align with the other angled buried stone towards the southwest, all three coincide at a point which is unmarked.
Possible locations
From here, stones could be used as directional markers, and the intersecting lines with 'no marker' can then be used as a start point.
One stone at 11° is then a directional point that coincides with a location on Greenland and a value of 11. If measured from the half '1' stone, an angle of 27° is then produced.
Multiplying these two numbers gives 297 and could be a distance measure 297 at 27°, to reach Greenland at the 11° angled stone a distance of 1100kms would be travelled.
If using a modern-day Nautical mile, 297 would equate to 550kms, so this would be 2 times 550kms.
27×11=297
297=550kms
550×2=1100kms
As the measurement is from the 1,2,2,1 of the numbers, then the next three numbers divided by 1100kms produce a number in minutes, which equals 204 seconds. This minus the 163° (149°+14°) gives a value of 41 and is a number also associated with the Callanish Standing Stones.
1,2,2,1,3,2,4,1,(1 (2)),1,1,(2,1),2
1000÷324=3.395 minutes
3.395×60=204 seconds
204-163=41
From the 149° angle (a line that lines up with a buried stone) at a right angle reaches the 11° stone (the angle is 38°), subtracting the last angle of 27° equals 11°.
There are two stones towards the north. One is angled at 11° the other at 19°. The 19° stone aligns at 29° to the original stone at the 21° line, a 27×11 triangle produces an angle of 22.16° with diagonal of 29.15. 22° aligns with the 11° stone from the original tallest stone.
19×29=551
27×11×1.852=550
Conclusion
Dating is unclear, the structures Ring of Brodgar, Callanish Standing Stones and Castlerigg Stone Circle are unconnected except through the Ring of Brodgar making it of similar age to Castlerigg, with the Ring of Brodgar considered as a directional marker.
Using Skara Brae as marker then 9°, 12° equal Greenland, 20°, 22° and 35° equal Iceland. Using Ring of Brodgar, then these angles are 4°, 9°, 12°, 15.5°, 18°, 23°, 31° and 52°.
9°, 12°, 15.5°, 18° and 23° are all points towards Greenland with 4° marking the furthest point south of Greenland.
In this measurement 31° could be Iceland, 52° could be the lowest of the Faroe Islands.
The area of the site using 163° or 165° doesn't vary by much and could produce various coordinates or distances. For example, taking the difference from the Ring of Brodgar and the southern most point of Greenland (4°), the difference is 40.37° converting into kilometres or Nautical miles gives an answer of 2315kms/1250 miles.
3.231057-43.610837=40.37°
cos(59)×40075=20640.15
20640.15÷360=57.33
57.33×40.37=2315
2315.12÷1.852=1250.06
The circumference of the circle is 327m, and the diameter is 104m (1072 ft/341 ft).
The circumference of the ditch is 380m, and the diameter is 120m (1250 ft/394 ft).
The difference of the two widths is 178 ft. This could be a more accurate side of the area, or it could just be the circumference of the ditch in feet as 1250 ft.
1071.93−1250.06=178.06549
It is unclear if the 1072 ft circle circumference as 1072 Nautical miles is a location.
Taking a point on the Newfoundland coast in Canada, a distance of 3108kms or 1678 Nautical miles is achieved.
54.642338,-57.444641
3108.27 kms
1678 Nautical miles
Using a direct line from the Standing Stones of Stenness of 1.5kms and new distance from the Comet Stone of 178m a perimeter of 3006 m is produced but because it is measured to the centre a different measurement of 1.55kms takes it to the 11° stone and gives 3106 m, very similar to the location in Canada at 9°.
This is also very similar to an interpretation of the trailing stones in the Callanish Standing Stones of 3101.
Due to a variety of calculations, if 9° must be a coast, by picking the lowest of three islands at Newfoundland and subtracting 9° directly, the following are produced.
Coordinates
59.001217,-3.230690
50.205920,-55.703353
Subtracting 9° and distance.
-9°
=50.00, 52.472
55.703353-3.230690=52.472663°
These then equate to and give a direct route length.
3008 by 516
3052 kms
(The distance at the equator is 113kms/° but it is 57.334kms/° at 59° north).
Even though they might not have had an east/west marker point, it would just have been the distance where they were setting off from their destination.
Here, their distance is 52.472663° and this also happens to be the angle of one of the paired stones.
From the circle, one of the angles were also 52° and most likely equated to the Faroe Islands.
It is possible that although a location existed on the coast in Canada and it's distance was 3052 kms, this might have been an extra stone so as to give them an extra location.
The ditch in feet connected to the distance in Nautical miles to the 4° at the southern most point in Greenland, it is possible that the circle, which is 327m/1072 ft in circumference is also connected.
The stone circle is 104 metres (341 ft) wide and is inside a ditch 120m wide , 27 of the original 60 stones remain standing (although only 21 are full height). Other stones on the island include the so-called 'Comet Stone' to the southeast along with the Standing Stones of Stenness, another 500m pass the Ness of Brodgar.
The Ness of Brodgar settlement, along with the Skara Brae village towards the northeast, are thought to have been constructed by the same people who erected the stones.
A number of artefacts and bones suggests settlement on the island from a much earlier date.
Woodhenge
A connection with Woodhenge exists from a curved line that is used to extract a sequence of numbers corresponding to the number of logs that fall on that line. With the Ring of Brodgar, the stones can be grouped together in similar numbers.
Counting the stones in groups gives similar numbers to Woodhenge,
(2,1,3,2,4,1,2,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2)
but the marker stone has a fallen stone by it, and the 3's have been replaced with '2','1'.
2,1,3,2,4,1,(1 (2)),1,1,(2,1),2,1,2
=
1,2,2,1,3,2,4,1,(1 (2)),1,1,(2,1),2
This shows that 21 could be an angle of measurement and, if used as 21° from (1 (2)) stone aligns with the tallest stone from where the numbers are taken clockwise.
The '1' stone next to the '4' is the only fallen stone used, the (1 (2)) stone is a short only '1' stone. The rest of this number is derived from the Woodhenge number, and this is the number in that location.
The 21° is measured from the '1' fallen stone to the tallest stone but if measured from the (1 (2)) stone a horizon would coincide with the angled buried stone towards the west and an angle of 149° would align with the other angled buried stone towards the southwest, all three coincide at a point which is unmarked.
Possible locations
From here, stones could be used as directional markers, and the intersecting lines with 'no marker' can then be used as a start point.
One stone at 11° is then a directional point that coincides with a location on Greenland and a value of 11. If measured from the half '1' stone, an angle of 27° is then produced.
Multiplying these two numbers gives 297 and could be a distance measure 297 at 27°, to reach Greenland at the 11° angled stone a distance of 1100kms would be travelled.
If using a modern-day Nautical mile, 297 would equate to 550kms, so this would be 2 times 550kms.
27×11=297
297=550kms
550×2=1100kms
As the measurement is from the 1,2,2,1 of the numbers, then the next three numbers divided by 1100kms produce a number in minutes, which equals 204 seconds. This minus the 163° (149°+14°) gives a value of 41 and is a number also associated with the Callanish Standing Stones.
1,2,2,1,3,2,4,1,(1 (2)),1,1,(2,1),2
1000÷324=3.395 minutes
3.395×60=204 seconds
204-163=41
From the 149° angle (a line that lines up with a buried stone) at a right angle reaches the 11° stone (the angle is 38°), subtracting the last angle of 27° equals 11°.
Further stones align on the horizontal like the 9° and 15° angled stone.
There are two stones towards the north. One is angled at 11° the other at 19°. The 19° stone aligns at 29° to the original stone at the 21° line, a 27×11 triangle produces an angle of 22.16° with diagonal of 29.15. 22° aligns with the 11° stone from the original tallest stone.
19×29=551
27×11×1.852=550
550+551=1101
Standing Stones of Stenness
Standing Stones of Stenness near to Skara Brae and Ness of Brodgar on Orkney. There has been some destruction to the Odin stone, but little effect has been made and has a clear purpose as a time stamp. Here 10°, 27° and curvature of alignment is used.
Two alignments with these angles are produced, one is astrological, the other glacial, producing dates 4600 bc (glacial) and 1800 bc (building).
From the angles 17° to 11° equate to 119° of rotation, a map with a code. This probably means 17° from a rotation towards the 11° stone and 29° measurement (119°-90°=29°).
Two alignments with these angles are produced, one is astrological, the other glacial, producing dates 4600 bc (glacial) and 1800 bc (building).
From the angles 17° to 11° equate to 119° of rotation, a map with a code. This probably means 17° from a rotation towards the 11° stone and 29° measurement (119°-90°=29°).
This is applied to the monument 1.5km away from the Ring of Brodgar. The stones here represent locations of settlements
Callanish Standing Stones
The Callanish standing stones on the island of Lewis have a possible connection to Arbor Low of 5° longitude and latitude from Callanish standing stones (diff 0.02).
Callanish Standing Stones
The Callanish standing stones on the island of Lewis have a possible connection to Arbor Low of 5° longitude and latitude from Callanish standing stones (diff 0.02).
Along with the angles the planets Venus, Mercury, Saturn and an unknown celestial object are in the trail of these stones as objects that could align during the year, the cause of the curve in the structure is a Sunset as it disappears over the horizon.
Castlerigg Stone Circle
Castlerigg stone circle is possibly connected with a Neolithic/early Bronze Age Langdale axe industry and a location for trade and thought to be built around 1259 bc.
It is connected to the Ring of Brodgar and by using a 163° rotation with the other angles 9°/12°/20°/22°/35° connects to locations on land.
It is connected to the Ring of Brodgar and by using a 163° rotation with the other angles 9°/12°/20°/22°/35° connects to locations on land.
Conclusion
The remaining standing stones equal the angle used along with the 2,1 from the Woodhenge number, connecting to the Callanish Standing Stones with this number.
The Standing Stones of Stenness produce the number 17, which is equal to 163 (180-17=163°).
A further coordinate is hinted at as a coordinate is produced that is near to a longitude marker in southeast Ireland.
(Difference from circle and ditch width).
The connection to Castlerigg Stone Circle is used as 149°+14° or directly from 163°/165° angle between the three.
The route of 1100 km at 27° is via a way point on the western side of Iceland.
The Comet Stone is angled at 22° to the 11° stone, the angle from a triangle 27×11.
Using 22° from the Comet Stone aligns both with the 11° stone and '1' stone from were measurements are taken an angle of 165° connects all three (Ring of Brodgar, Comet Stone) an angle of 163° describes an angle to the half stone that is next to the original '1' and horizontally with the 15° stone.
Dating is unclear, the structures Ring of Brodgar, Callanish Standing Stones and Castlerigg Stone Circle are unconnected except through the Ring of Brodgar making it of similar age to Castlerigg, with the Ring of Brodgar considered as a directional marker.
Using Skara Brae as marker then 9°, 12° equal Greenland, 20°, 22° and 35° equal Iceland. Using Ring of Brodgar, then these angles are 4°, 9°, 12°, 15.5°, 18°, 23°, 31° and 52°.
9°, 12°, 15.5°, 18° and 23° are all points towards Greenland with 4° marking the furthest point south of Greenland.
In this measurement 31° could be Iceland, 52° could be the lowest of the Faroe Islands.
The area of the site using 163° or 165° doesn't vary by much and could produce various coordinates or distances. For example, taking the difference from the Ring of Brodgar and the southern most point of Greenland (4°), the difference is 40.37° converting into kilometres or Nautical miles gives an answer of 2315kms/1250 miles.
3.231057-43.610837=40.37°
cos(59)×40075=20640.15
20640.15÷360=57.33
57.33×40.37=2315
2315.12÷1.852=1250.06
The circumference of the circle is 327m, and the diameter is 104m (1072 ft/341 ft).
The circumference of the ditch is 380m, and the diameter is 120m (1250 ft/394 ft).
The difference of the two widths is 178 ft. This could be a more accurate side of the area, or it could just be the circumference of the ditch in feet as 1250 ft.
1071.93−1250.06=178.06549
It is unclear if the 1072 ft circle circumference as 1072 Nautical miles is a location.
Taking a point on the Newfoundland coast in Canada, a distance of 3108kms or 1678 Nautical miles is achieved.
54.642338,-57.444641
3108.27 kms
1678 Nautical miles
Using a direct line from the Standing Stones of Stenness of 1.5kms and new distance from the Comet Stone of 178m a perimeter of 3006 m is produced but because it is measured to the centre a different measurement of 1.55kms takes it to the 11° stone and gives 3106 m, very similar to the location in Canada at 9°.
This is also very similar to an interpretation of the trailing stones in the Callanish Standing Stones of 3101.
Due to a variety of calculations, if 9° must be a coast, by picking the lowest of three islands at Newfoundland and subtracting 9° directly, the following are produced.
Coordinates
59.001217,-3.230690
50.205920,-55.703353
Subtracting 9° and distance.
-9°
=50.00, 52.472
55.703353-3.230690=52.472663°
These then equate to and give a direct route length.
3008 by 516
3052 kms
(The distance at the equator is 113kms/° but it is 57.334kms/° at 59° north).
Even though they might not have had an east/west marker point, it would just have been the distance where they were setting off from their destination.
Here, their distance is 52.472663° and this also happens to be the angle of one of the paired stones.
From the circle, one of the angles were also 52° and most likely equated to the Faroe Islands.
It is possible that although a location existed on the coast in Canada and it's distance was 3052 kms, this might have been an extra stone so as to give them an extra location.
The ditch in feet connected to the distance in Nautical miles to the 4° at the southern most point in Greenland, it is possible that the circle, which is 327m/1072 ft in circumference is also connected.
This is because it is about 327 km to the Faroe Islands.
Although the circle is aligned at maximum tilt, it was built in the Bronze Age, and although 4° on Greenland could be just one of many locations, 4° equates to 596 bc.
In terms of building sequence from Ring of Brodgar, Castlerigg, and Callanish Standing Stones, it does seem that Ring of Brodgar copied Callanish Standing Stones. Castlerigg uses a primer for it's numbers making it quite accurate for a date of two possibilities, either the Ring of Brodgar is the last built or it was built between Callanish Standing Stones and Castlerigg. Dating the others would give a possible date for it, and angles could be between 4°-6°.
Because it has been shown from a number of builds that the radian was used in about the 17th/18th century bc, if a connection with the location exists to the radian a possible date could be ascertained.
For a location so that the kms/degree is equal to a radian, the location would be 59.022° north otherwise it's coordinate would equate to 57.2960,-3.230690.
57.296×360=20626.56
acos((20626.56÷40075))
=59.022°
Coordinates for a radian (57.296°)
59.022666,-3.230690
These coordinates put it in the Loch of Harray, multipled by the °/km gives a distance of 2384m or 7822 ft due north.
59.001217-59.022666=0.021449
111.13×0.021449=2.384kms
This distance in metres divided by 4 is equal to 596, 4° as a year is equal to 596 bc.
This is not necessarily correct as they are using the circumference. The diameter of a 2384m circle would be 759m, and in feet, this is 2489 ft. If this is a year, then subtracting 1985 gives 504, added to the 596 (4°) gives 1100 (distance to Greenland at 11°).
2489.67−1985=504.67
504.67+596=1100
A triangle with these numbers also just gives these numbers.
This is probably because the circle needed to connect with a plausible location at the given distance without a rotation, with the rotation of 163° it gives possible destinations.
The location Skara Brae is 2880m north of the radian location with a difference of 496m further than Ring of Brodgar.
59.048584,-3.341693
59.022666,-3.230690
59.048584-59.022666=0.025918
111.13×0.025918=2.88kms
If these two differences are added and a location derived from the measurement in feet, a 64.472° latitude is produced.
2880+2384=5264m
526400÷30.48=17270.34
cos(64.472)×40075=17270
This new coordinate, along with the 11° (added), gives a location just off the coast of Iceland.
64.472000,-14.323038
Because circles are used but mostly circumferences, this number divided by π gives 1676, a number not far off the distance to Canada in Nautical miles.
5264÷π=1676
If using the 11° line as the base then once rotated 163° an angle of 6° is made east/west and locations would be marked by stones but if using the east/west line then the angles are 9°,11°,22° along with multiple locations towards Iceland and a 52° to the furthest of the Faroe Islands would be produced.
After this, it is possible that a stone may be missing. Another feature of the circle is a raised area, which after rotation is at 4° from the original line (56°-52°=4°), this 4° appears multiple times but probably as an alignment.
From this (and probably final possibility) is that the angles are also angles from maximum tilt. There are two lots of 4° angles with the main angle as 11°.
It should be an angle between 4°-6° from the other structures, and the following equates to a year 1563 bc with an angle as expected.
2×4=8
8÷11=0.7272
4÷0.7272=5.5
11÷2=5.5
5.5÷1.55=3.54839
3.54839×1000=3548.39
3548.39−1985=1563.39 bc
Although the circle is aligned at maximum tilt, it was built in the Bronze Age, and although 4° on Greenland could be just one of many locations, 4° equates to 596 bc.
In terms of building sequence from Ring of Brodgar, Castlerigg, and Callanish Standing Stones, it does seem that Ring of Brodgar copied Callanish Standing Stones. Castlerigg uses a primer for it's numbers making it quite accurate for a date of two possibilities, either the Ring of Brodgar is the last built or it was built between Callanish Standing Stones and Castlerigg. Dating the others would give a possible date for it, and angles could be between 4°-6°.
Because it has been shown from a number of builds that the radian was used in about the 17th/18th century bc, if a connection with the location exists to the radian a possible date could be ascertained.
For a location so that the kms/degree is equal to a radian, the location would be 59.022° north otherwise it's coordinate would equate to 57.2960,-3.230690.
57.296×360=20626.56
acos((20626.56÷40075))
=59.022°
Coordinates for a radian (57.296°)
59.022666,-3.230690
These coordinates put it in the Loch of Harray, multipled by the °/km gives a distance of 2384m or 7822 ft due north.
59.001217-59.022666=0.021449
111.13×0.021449=2.384kms
This distance in metres divided by 4 is equal to 596, 4° as a year is equal to 596 bc.
This is not necessarily correct as they are using the circumference. The diameter of a 2384m circle would be 759m, and in feet, this is 2489 ft. If this is a year, then subtracting 1985 gives 504, added to the 596 (4°) gives 1100 (distance to Greenland at 11°).
2489.67−1985=504.67
504.67+596=1100
A triangle with these numbers also just gives these numbers.
This is probably because the circle needed to connect with a plausible location at the given distance without a rotation, with the rotation of 163° it gives possible destinations.
The location Skara Brae is 2880m north of the radian location with a difference of 496m further than Ring of Brodgar.
59.048584,-3.341693
59.022666,-3.230690
59.048584-59.022666=0.025918
111.13×0.025918=2.88kms
If these two differences are added and a location derived from the measurement in feet, a 64.472° latitude is produced.
2880+2384=5264m
526400÷30.48=17270.34
cos(64.472)×40075=17270
This new coordinate, along with the 11° (added), gives a location just off the coast of Iceland.
64.472000,-14.323038
Because circles are used but mostly circumferences, this number divided by π gives 1676, a number not far off the distance to Canada in Nautical miles.
5264÷π=1676
If using the 11° line as the base then once rotated 163° an angle of 6° is made east/west and locations would be marked by stones but if using the east/west line then the angles are 9°,11°,22° along with multiple locations towards Iceland and a 52° to the furthest of the Faroe Islands would be produced.
After this, it is possible that a stone may be missing. Another feature of the circle is a raised area, which after rotation is at 4° from the original line (56°-52°=4°), this 4° appears multiple times but probably as an alignment.
From this (and probably final possibility) is that the angles are also angles from maximum tilt. There are two lots of 4° angles with the main angle as 11°.
It should be an angle between 4°-6° from the other structures, and the following equates to a year 1563 bc with an angle as expected.
2×4=8
8÷11=0.7272
4÷0.7272=5.5
11÷2=5.5
5.5÷1.55=3.54839
3.54839×1000=3548.39
3548.39−1985=1563.39 bc
(Due to the link below (Iceland), all references to the Arctic Henge are removed until some dating of earlier settlements on Iceland occurs).
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